Monday, May 25, 2020

Value And Value Of Value - 2410 Words

Assignment One Introduction Value. What it? What does it mean to people? And more importantly how do you get it? These seem to be the questions that everyone is trying to explain except that there really doesn’t seem to be a one true answer. The definition of value in general seems to be agreed upon, that it is: â€Å"the worth of the economic, technical, service, and social benefits a customer firm receives in exchange for the price it pays for a market offering† (Anderson et al, 1993). Is Value something the custom creates or co-created? Is it something that is generated through the production process, through a value-chain? Is value a number that can only be determined through achieving specific goals? If so what even are these goals? Will there ever be a one true definition or meaning for value? Value and its importance seem to depend on which way you’re looking at it, are you the buyer or the seller, is your value co-created or not? What are your value focused capabilities? All these q uestions are trying to be answered in an area which is densely filled with different opinions, so is there a right or wrong answer? Company background Civil Defence Supply (Fig 1 appendix) is a Home Office approved company specialising in supplying and training in defence and law enforcement products, equipping organisations such as the UK Police, Fire Services, Ministry of Defence and Government. â€Å"Civil defence is our business†. Civil Defence Supply work closely with the Home Office and otherShow MoreRelatedMy Values : Values And Values Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pages My Values Values play a very important role in my life. They alter every single decision I make, whether it be big or small. Roy Disney said â€Å" It’s not hard to make decisions once you know that you values are.† Knowing your values make the path to the right decision much more clear. I have three core values which mean the most to me. They are the values I want my children to know, and learn the true meaning of. My most important values would be responsibility, happiness, and my religion. Read MoreThe Value Of Personality And Values1199 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality and values†¦everyone has them. Each plays a crucial role that makes us unique and sets us apart from everyone else. Values are the foundation on which an individual’s personality sits. Values lie within a person’s core. It’s a belief system as to what is right, good, wrong, or bad, also known as ethics. Values have two attributes, content and intensity. Content defines the importance and intensity measures the importance and forms their value system. Values can be classified a littleRead MoreThe Values And Values Of School1509 Words   |  7 Pagesstart of a child’s academic journey and is known to all pupils and staff and is carried out by all as well. This along with our aims, values etc is displayed throughout the school and is clearly visible to any visitors as this is something that should be clearly recognizable and is normally set out by the head teacher. The schools ethos, aims, missions and values are set and given so to provide for all a code of practice and this is shown throughout our daily practice within school. The ethos, aimsRead MoreThe Value Of A Value Chain Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesA value chain may defined as network of companies which work hand in hand towards a common goal of meeting the customer demands and the stakeholder demands. The idea of value chain first came into existence after Michael Porter coined it. He basically said that the various activities which the organisations carry out t o create and give value to its customers. He said that it basically consists of two main activities which are basically known as the primary activities and secondary activities. TheRead MoreThe Value Of A Trust Value1702 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence) is less useful that knowing that the trust value contains the success rate of the driving exam questions also found in the motorcycle exam. A trust value may include these pieces of evidence to facilitate mapping but this may violate privacy (see the latter example). At the other extreme, a trust value may only consist of the pieces of evidence without the trust calculation result, because the trust value calculation can reveal more than the value (e.g., how trust is calculated). Another reasonRead MoreThe Value Of A Value Chain1251 Words   |  6 PagesBusinesses create value by converting inputs (that is raw material, labor and overhead) into business outputs in such a way that they have a greater value than the original input cost. Manufacturing companies create value by acquiring raw materials and using them to produce something useful. Retailers bring together a range of products and present them in a way that is convenient to customers, sometimes supported by services such as fitting rooms or personal shopper advice. And insurance companiesRead MoreQuestions On Values And Values1493 Words   |  6 PagesDiscussion Topic #2 Prompts Prompt #1: Values Worksheet: What were your top 5 values? What kinds of defining characteristics did you associate with your values as you crossed them off the list one at a time until you had only one value listed? What did you learn about your values hierarchy through this activity? First, my top ten values were difficult in itself to pick out because I feel like I could have had many of the checklist highlighted. For instructional purposes I picked adventure, challengingRead MoreThe Value Of Fair Value938 Words   |  4 PagesThe fair value option allow all entities to select and measure eligible items at a fair value at a specified date. The decision involved in whether to elect the fair value option have following conditions. The conditions include that it could be applied instrument by instrument, could be irrevocable which means it cannot be changed and the last condition is applying only to instrument and not to only specified risks, specific cash flows, or portions of that instrument. The fair value option allowsRead MoreThe Value Of Value Chain1803 Words   |  8 Pages Value chain is identified as a chain of activities where value is continuously added to the product and service from the product design to final product delivery. Basically, there are m any works that are included in the producing process no matter whether it is consume good or service. But not all of the producing activities could be seen as valuable to the entire process, which could offset the cost of time, money, and labor. So when companies are doing the business optimization, the basic thingsRead MoreQuestions On Values And Values Essay2373 Words   |  10 PagesToday, Congress and the President of the United States, along with the HBVCI (Hahm-Beller Values Choice Inventory), comprised a list of six values of character that are compared in the table below. United States 6 Pillar 2 HBVCI3 Trustworthiness Honesty Respect Loyalty Responsibility Responsibility Fairness Fairness Caring Self-sacrifice Citizenship Teamwork, work ethic, perseverance These six values of character each contribute to the overall components of character – strong, good, and bad

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Building J at Monte Alban at the Zapotec Site

The mysteriously-shaped Building J at the Zapotec site of Monte Albà ¡n in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been thought to have been built for astronomical and ritual purposes. Building J was likely first built about 1AD, with three main phases of construction, the most recent one between about AD 500-700. Architectural Design The building has a roughly pentagonal outline and it is skewed 45% in orientation from the remainder of the buildings at the site by many degrees. The building is oddly shaped, and its shape been variously described as a baseball diamond, home plate, or arrowhead. Low relief carvings on the building include a crossed-sticks glyph, thought to represent astronomical symbols. In addition to its remarkable exterior outline, it has a horizontal tunnel cut through it, and an outer staircase thats skewed another few degrees from the direction of the door. Orientation and the Star Capella Building Js architectural orientation is thought by researchers to point to the location of the star Capella. Capella is indicated by the orientation point of the building on May 2, when the sun reaches its zenith and passes directly overhead. Also Known  As:  Monticulo  J Sources There are more ancient observatories to read about; and more about Monte Alban and the Zapotecs as well. Aveni, Anthony. 2001. Building J at Monte Alban. pp 262-272 in Skywatchers: A Revised and Updated Version of Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. University of Texas Press, Austin. Peeler, Damon E. and Marcus Winter 1995 Building J at Monte Alban: A correction and reassessment of the astronomical hypothesis. Latin American Antiquity 6(4):362-369.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Mind And Its Relationship With The Mind - 1366 Words

Mind and Its Relation to the Brain How to define minds has always been a challenge for the â€Å"lovers of wisdom† since the advent of modern philosophy. The mind is arduous to define because it is incorporeal and the only person knowing its existence is its owner. That is; the mind differs from those familiar physical stuffs which can easily be defined in terms of their characteristics. Facing the thorny problem, the debate between dualists and physicalists about the nature of mind and its relationship with the body is becoming intense. In this paper I will maintain that the epiphnomenalism is not â€Å"repugnant†, but rather it is squat and resilient would be the best theory to illustrate the relationship between mind and body. The paper†¦show more content†¦In other words, the physical activity can influence the mental but the mental stuff can never affect the physical stuff in turn. Such definition of mind neatly explains that the mind is a kind of an excr escence of the physical activity in the mind. Likewise, Frank Jackson takes Fred’s story as an familiar example to explain that experience is hard to obtain even one have all the physical information, and indicate the such qualia problem is missed by physicalist. In this case, Epiphenomenalism can be used in dualism to argue that there is a connection between physical action and the mental activity.That is; Epiphenomenalism divides a complete action into three parts. One’s actions are determined by the physical action of the central body in the mind. During this process, the physical activities also cause the epiphenomena we call ideas. Besides, Epiphenomenalism is also a controversial topic in the dualism, since the mind in Epiphenomenalism is not only is a non-spatial stuff, but also is an epiphenomenon of physical action in the brain. That is why the most dualists claims that it is unacceptable to think of the mind as â€Å"a causally impotent by-products of brain activities.† But it does not mean that the mind is superfluous belongings. Frank Jackson says that the mental stuff as the same as the â€Å"heavy coat† which is the flaw but also is

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Analyzing a Contemporary Australian Public Health Policy Using a Theoretical Framework- Infectious Disease Control free essay sample

Introduction Advocacy Coalition is a policy framework which arose out of a need to address limitations of the stages heuristic of the policy process. The Advocacy Coalition framework (ACF) is built on a set of assumptions and highlights policy change as a function of: the interaction of competing advocacy coalitions within a policy subsystem; changes external to the subsystem; the effects of relatively stable system parameters. This work is an application of ACF, as an analytical tool to the Avian Influenza disease control policy in Australia. It traces the political context surrounding the emergence of stakeholder groups and identifies the impact of current policies on principles of equity and social justice. In closing alternative policy strategies and their benefits are discussed. Public Policy Development Selected Theoretical Framework: Advocacy Coalition Framework The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) as a theoretical tool of the policy process provides a framework which explains how interested actors/ stakeholders interact to influence emergence of a public policy or policy change within a specific policy subsystem, over time. The ACF was developed to simplify the complexity of interacting issues such as learning, belief, policy change and role of scientific and technical information, in policy making (Weiber, Sabatier McQueen, 2009). In response to what was perceived as limitations in the policy process literature, Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, created the ACF in the late 1980’s. These limitations included the inadequacy of stages heuristic as causal theory of the policy process, the absence of and poignant need for system-based theories of policymaking and thirdly, a need to place scientific and technical information centrally in the policy process (Weiber, Sabatier McQueen 2009). Within the ACF, policy communities are articulated in terms of beliefs; as such policies are the product of the belief systems of the actors concerned by a given policy subsystem. The important structures – advocacy coalitions –are modeled as flowing from the bonds and relationships of actors who share similar values and beliefs. These coalitions, which may be tightly or loosely coupled, are comprised of government agencies and officials, interest groups, associations, think tanks, academics, academics, persons of the media, and prominent individuals who more or less share a global view and agree generally on policy solutions (Lindquist, 2001). Contextually, within the ACF policies emerge from numerous confrontations and negotiations between different coalitions of actors in the subsystem. Articulating the ACF and the Avian Influenza Policy Subsystem The ACF frequently seeks to explain stakeholder behavior and policy outcomes in intense political conflicts over periods of a decade or more. According to Lindquist (2001), any truly political theory of the policy process must account for the fact that political actors engage in the policy process not only to respond to perceived social problems, but also to advance their own political interests and careers under the prevailing socio-political climate of the particular period. If we couple the foregoing with the central assumption of the ACF that identifies beliefs as the causal generator of political behavior (Weiber, Sabatier McQueen 2009), it becomes manifest that the ACF framing of policies proceeds within the following premise, amongst others, that there exists: (i) identifiable stakeholder groups; (ii) possibly current policy/ policies; and (iii) prevailing political context/ environment. Australian Avian Influenza Policy Subsystem (i) Stakeholder groups: As rightly pointed out by Weible (2006) stakeholder analysis and identification helps policy makers conceptualize actors within and the dynamics of a policy subsystem. Weible (2006) instructs that to properly identify relevant stakeholders there was need to first delineate the most useful unit of analysis – the policy subsystem – as recognized by the ACF. Further to this, supplying answers to such questions as: what interests and beliefs are held by visible actors within the subsystem; what critical resource (who controls such) are available within the subsystem; with whom do identified actors align to form coalitions; what strategies and venues do actors use to achieve their objectives? , clearly defines stakeholders within the policy subsystem being evaluated as modeled by the ACF. A parliamentary research note aptly titled: Avian Influenza – is Australia a sitting Duck (Parliamentary Library, 2004) gives indication of stakeholders involved in the Australian Avian influenza policy subsystem and provides classical instance of the multiple stakeholders usually involved in an AC framework (Schlager Blomquist, 1996) . The document gives a global view of the implicated stakeholders as including the Commonwealth, states, territories and local government departments of Health; Industry, tourism resources; Agriculture, fisheries and forestry, non governmental organizations (like Public Health Association of Australia, National Tourism Alliance, Australian Safety and Compensation Council), Airports and Border agencies, Poultry-, and Agric- businesses and industry, Animal Health Australia , as well as professional bodies (Australian Medical Council, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia and Australian Veterinary Council). This agrees with Schlager Blomquist (1996) opinion that: â€Å"a policy subsystem consists of actors from public and private organizations who are actively concerned with a policy problem†. In their analysis of contemporary Australian newspaper coverage of the threat of pandemic AI in humans, Stephenson Jamieson (2009) suggested that newspaper accounts invokes a specific form of nation building; thereby implicating the media as stakeholders, also. ii) Existing Policies: Australia’s health policy regarding avian influenza is hinged on its (AI) lethality and significance from the perspective of production and trade of poultry and poultry products and possible transmission to humans (DAFF, 2008). AI is a highly contagious viral infection. According to the WHO (2010), the strain of avian influenza that has emerged from Asia and become widespread internationally since 2003 is classified as an H5N1 AI virus. H5N1 has become infamous globally due not only to its rapid and di verse international spread, but its ability to infect and cause fatalities in humans. As such the existing Australian AI policy targets to eradicate the disease in the shortest possible period, while limiting the risk of human infection and minimizing economic impact, by implementing the following strategies: †¢ Stamping out: destruction of all birds on infected premises (IPs) where there is clinical disease or evidence of active infection with HPAI virus, and the sanitary disposal of destroyed birds and contaminated avian products to remove the source of infection; †¢ Pre-emptive slaughter: of birds possibly on other premises, depending on information derived from tracing, surveillance and study of the behaviour of he disease; †¢ Quarantine and movement: controls on birds, avian products and associated items in declared areas to prevent spread of infection †¢ Decontamination: of facilities, products and associated items to eliminate the virus on IPs and to prevent spread in declared areas; †¢ Tracing and surveillance: to determine the source and extent of infection, and to establish proof of freedom from the disease; †¢ Enhanced biosecurity: at poultry establishments and premises holding cage or zoo birds; †¢ Zoning and compartmentalization: to define infected and disease-free areas; †¢ Public awareness campaign: to communicate risk and promote cooperation from industry, zoos, cage bird owners and the community; and †¢ Protection of public health: by requiring that personnel engaged in eradication activities be vaccinated (with the currently available human vaccine), be treated with antivirals (if appropriate) and wear protective clothing. Vaccination: may be considered if an outbreak of HPAI is likely to spread or has spread out of control. (iii) Political context: Breton et al (2008) explain that the ACF as a model allows coalitions to mobilize and put (especially political) resources to use in order to dominate their environment. The 2004 Liberal election victory returned incumbent John Howard as prime minister and saw continuation of Tony Abbott as health minister. Both political actors viewed decisive action on the AI threat (to public health and economy) as an opportunity to demonstrate the government’s capacity to offer security and safety; thus proving its competence and as justification for its recent reelection (Stephenson Jamieson, 2009). This contemporary political posture of the government at the time and its focus on Australia’s increased role and visibility in Asia- Pacific’s regional economic and health issues provides the political backdrop that framed the extensive AI policy development and the financial commitment to its management (Stephenson Jamieson, 2009; Kelton, 2006). Review of Current AI Policy The Australian AI policy situation has seen a coordination of efforts by the Commonwealth, states and territories and a response approach that can be largely considered from six fronts (DAFF, 2008). Firstly is Border security: Australian animal health and quarantine services continue to monitor and strengthen biosecurity at airports and seaports; next is the Whole-of-Government approach: through implementation of the National Action Plan for Human Influenza Pandemic and a concerted collaboration of government agencies (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Food, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Foreign Affairs and Trade, AusAID, Environment) there is an assured preparedness in the event of any human-to-human transmission of AI; Government-Industry liaison: through Animal Health Australia (AHA) the not-for-profit public company established by the Australian, state and territory governments and major national livestock industry organizations was formed to reduce the risk of entry and spread of emergency animal diseases; simulation exercises: a national simulation (Exercise Eleusis 05) was held in December 2005 to evaluate national capability (industry and government) to manage an outbreak of AI; finally is Emergency communication arrangements, Education and Awareness: this three-pronged information based response directs adequate, relevant and accurate resources to the poultry industry and also the Australia public while Effectiveness of Policies Evaluation of effectiveness of AI control policy calls for revisit to some of ACF’s hypothetical assumptions and concepts. ACF highlights multiple major actors, and that the policy change process normally occurs over a period of a decade or more. Sabatier, (1988) opines that this is to lend credence and bring variety to roles in the generation, dissemination and evaluation of policy ideas. In this light, the AI control policy development in Australia transcended actors within administrative agencies and legislative committees to include journalists, researchers, business concerns, farmers, policy analysts and interest groups and; continued from 1993 through 2003 (Asian pandemic), with technical changes being made till date. Another primary assumption of the ACF regarding an effective policy change is that stakeholders should primarily be motivated to convert their (policy-core) beliefs into actual policy (Schlager and Blomquist 1996). The primacy of core issues and beliefs of stakeholders in the AI subsystem is appreciated from the stance that agriculture (and by involvement poultry) is a major industry in Australia and that the nation is dependent on products, revenue, and employment in this sector (Ungerera Rogersa, 2006). An interesting postulation of the ACF is that more often than not policy or policy change is affected by external perturbations (Weiber, Sabatier McQueen 2009; Schlager and Blomquist 1996; Sabatier, 1988). Employing the interaction of the subsystem with external perturbations (in this case changes to governing coalitions) as parameter for analyzing effectiveness (), it is found that the 2004 election of a liberal government which placed in office a health minister who was ready to champion wider latitude AI policy changes and press parliament for drastic and expedited action (Stephenson Jamieson, 2009; Kelton, 2006; Parliamentary Library, 2004). Overall the Australian AI control policy was largely effective as evidenced by success of the partnership underlying the technical response embodied in the AUSVETPALN (AUSVETPALN, 2008) Policy Impact on Public Health Principles In Australia as in other parts of the world, public policy regarding AI has had serious implications for those who are economically poor, of socially subordinate class or directly involved in poultry farming. Uscher-Pines et al (2007) are of the view that pandemics such as AI have serious potential to exacerbate existing social and economic inequalities and there is need to consider a pandemic not only as a pressing public health issue, but also as an urgent matter of social justice. The policy while having addressed special needs of disadvantaged groups with respect to public health communications through culturally appropriate communications in a variety of formats, including the translation of messages into multiple languages did not provide for social interventions to counteract possible prejudicial social stereotyping or stigmatization of at risk populations such as poultry farmers, recent migrants, indigenous people and healthcare workers (Stephenson Jamieson, 2009; Uscher- Pines et al, 2007). Another sphere of the AI policy, with serious economic implications is the ‘global public good response’ aspect with reference to mass culling of chickens. Notwithstanding compensation, the possible catastrophic impact of this intervention remains and will largely depend on the alternative sources of income, if any, of the farmers (Scoones Forster, 2008). Alternative Strategies Discuss: Alliances and Tensions The area of tension within the AI policy sub system was relatively insignificant as stakeholders were more inclined to forge alliances to realize their objectives. In quiescent subsystems there may only be a single coalition; never exceeding four coalitions the number being limited by all the factors which push actors to coalesce if they are to form effective alliances/ coalitions and avoid defeat (Sabatier, 1988). Animal Health Australia (AHA) is the embodiment of stakeholder alliance efforts in the AI policy process. As an innovative partnership involving Commonwealth, state and territory governments, major livestock industries and other stakeholders it was instrumental in the development and channeling of initiatives culminating in the policy and disease strategy for the control and eradication of avian influenza (AUSVETPALN, 2008). Key to alliance formation is that stakeholders identify and utilize available resources (Weible, 2006). Resources available and employed by AHA, include 1) Information (scientific and technical)- which it utilized to buttress its policy view and convince policy making sovereigns to support its position 2) Financial resources- it was able to bankroll sympathetic candidates, thereby gaining inside access to legislators and political appointees. It was also able to finance research and think tanks to generate information to influence the policy process 3) Skillful leadership- through skillful leadership it was able to articulate a coherent belief system strengthening resolve and focus while navigating the coalition toward policy victory (AHA, 2010). Policy Alternatives: Benefits and Potential Impact on Public Health Principles: Epidemiological Dynamics The international and Australian AI policy response has tended to assume an outbreak emergency/crisis response- focusing on diseased organism/area with disease control/eradication measures (Scoones Forster, 2008). These are fairly standardized, universal responses of plans, programmes, strategies backed up by protocols, manuals and regulations, and implemented globally by a technically-equipped and well resourced, international system. This modeling assumes that diseases spread in concentric circles, that borders of countries and districts do not matter and, if localized and eradicated/contained at source, a global pandemic can be prevented (Longini et al, 2006). Often, it is not always that simple. Complex disease dynamics imply that the what, when, pattern and impact of disease outbreaks is highly context specific requiring a deeper understanding of changing ecologies, demographies and socio-economic contexts in particular, their interactions and dynamics in specific places (Scoones Forster, 2008). As noted by Scoones Forster (2008 pp27) this field level understanding of dynamic contexts is what is startlingly absent in much of the work on avian influenza. There has been remarkably little detailed socio-ecological investigation of the dynamics of change; surely, understanding the underlying drivers of disease change – and the socio-ecological dynamics of emergence – must and ought to be part of any international and Australian policy response. Such a policy perspective, would cast the agenda wider; and as it focuses on socio-cultural-livelihood interactions would translate into gains for economically disadvantaged and socially stereotyped typed populations (Hewlett Hewlett, 2007). Usefulness of Theoretical Frameworks Theoretical frameworks, especially as it relates to Advocacy Coalition Framework provides a systematic depiction of a political context, for stakeholders involved in a policy conflict and/ or process. Through careful evaluation of a subsystem, involved stakeholders are able to identify the different categorizations of theirs and other’s policy (core) beliefs, alliances, usable resources, and accessible venues. Furthermore, use of theoretical frameworks as analytical tool helps to identify possible policy -preferences, and –problems and, the elucidation of approaches necessary to realizing objectives. Limitations of Theoretical Frameworks In articulating the limitations of theoretical frameworks it is instructive the explanation by Maddison Dennis (2009 pp100) that theoretical frameworks provides us with causal explanation of the complexities of how and why policies are or what relationships between variables drive the policy process. From this it is understood that theoretical frameworks, in general, are not able to provide us with an artificial construct of ideal-type situations to aid exploration of problems and forces that shape social processes. Insight into the possible limitations regarding ACF specifically is obtained from Weiber, Sabatier McQueen (2009). These may include: bias toward pluralistic, democratic political system- with limited application in authoritarian regimes; no clear-cut definitive way of demonstrating link between external perturbation(s) and policy (change) as well as learning to policy change. Paul Forster References AHA (Animal Health Australia), National Animal Health Strategic Framework, accessed 17/05/2010 http://www. animalhealthaustralia. com. au/corporate/strategic-direction. cfm Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan, 2008, Disease Strategy Avian Influenza (Version 3. 3,) Accessed On 15/5/2010, http://www. animalhealthaustralia. com. au/ausvetplan Breton, E, Richard, L, Gagnon, F Jacques, M and Bergeron, P, 2008, Health promotion research and practice require sound policy analysis models: The case of Quebec’s Tobacco Act, Social Science Medicine 67, pp. 1679–1689 DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) 2008, Avian Influenza, accessed 12/05/2010, http://www. daff. gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/406261/ocvo-bird-flu-paper. pdf Hewlett, B and Hewlett, 2007, Ebola, Culture and Politics: The Anthropology of an Emerging Disease (Case Studies on Contemporary Social Issues), Florence, KY: Thomson-Wadsworth Ian Scoones and Paul Forster, 2008, The International Response to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Science, Policy and Politics (working paper), Steps Centre, accessed 12/05/2010, http://www. steps-centre. org/PDFs/Avian%20flu%20final%20w%20cover. pdf Kanamor, S and Jimba, M, 2007, Compensation for, Avian Influenza Cleanup, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 13, No. 2 p341 Kelton, M, 2006, Perspectives on Australian foreign policy, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 29-246, Lindquist, E, 2001, The International Development Centre, Discerning Policy Influence: Framework for a Strategic Evaluation of IDRC-Supported Research, accessed on 6/06/2010 http://www. idrc. ca/en/ev-12177-201-1-DO_TOPIC. html Longini, M, Nizam, A, Xu, S, Ungchusak, K, Hanshaoworakul, W, Cummings, D and Hall oran, E, 2005, Containing Pandemic Influenza at the Source, Science 309(5737): 1083-87 Maddison, S and Richard, D, 2009, An introduction to Australian Public Policy ( Theory and Practice), Cambridge University Press, Victoria Sabatier, P, 1988, An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein, Policy Sciences, 21:129-168 Schlager, E and Blomquist, W, 1996, A Comparison of Three Emerging Theories of the Policy Process, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 651-672 Stephenson, N and Jamieson, M, 2009, securitizing health: Australian newspaper coverage of pandemic influenza, Sociology of Health Illness, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 525–539 Uscher- Pines , L, Duggan , P, G aroon , J, Karron , R And Faden, R, 2007, Planning For an Influenza Pandemic- Social Justice and Disadvantaged Groups, Hastings Center Report, pp 32-39 Ungerera, C and Rogersa, D, 2006, The Threat of Agroterrorism to Australia: A Preliminary Assessment, Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 29:147–163, 2006