Measuring the specific heat capacity of water Essay Example

Estimating the particular warmth limit of water Paper Presentation The Specific Heat Capacity of any substance can be characterized as the measure of vitality expected to raise 1kg of the substance by 1i c. Its found by utilizing the accompanying equation: C = Q/(M x ? ?) Where (C) speaks to the SPHC; (Q) the vitality required or given out in joules; (M) is the mass of the substance determined in kilograms and ? ? speaks to the adjustment in temperature in it is possible that I C or Kelvin. Point The point of the analysis is to decide the Specific Heat Capacity of any fluid, however for our situation Water. Speculation I imagine that we will get a nearby number to the Specific Heat Capacity known as 4200 J/Kgi C. , however it won't be 100 precise in light of the fact that some warmth will be lost, prompting potential blunders in information. I dont figure we can protect 100% with the accompanying calorimeter at school, accordingly it may pick up or discharge vitality causing in-precision. Also I believe that the difference in temperature will be consistent all through the examination, in light of the fact that the measure of vitality given will consistently remain the equivalent. I likewise accept the temperature will rise corresponding to time, this is on the grounds that as additional time is extended, the atoms get more warmth, as indicated by the Kinetic Theory, the particles become progressively dynamic, and begin to move quickly expanding crash rate. Along these lines more the time, the higher the temperature will be until a specific point. This is the breaking point, and this is the point at which the particles have arrived at the most extreme point, and are about to start changing into another condition of structure vaporous. Mechanical assembly A Calorimeter A Thermometer An Electric Weighing Scale. We will compose a custom paper test on Measuring the particular warmth limit of water explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Measuring the particular warmth limit of water explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Measuring the particular warmth limit of water explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A Power Pack d 1. A vacant calorimeter is gauged. The fluid under test is then poured in the calorimeter and rechecked. The Mass m of the fluid is found. 2. A submersion radiator and a thermometer are set in the calorimeter 3. The underlying temperature ? ? 1 of the fluid is recorded. 4. The fluid is warmed for a period t seconds. The stirrer is utilized to keep up a uniform temperature all through the fluid. The cover limits heat misfortunes by convection. 5. Record the temperature after at regular intervals and plot it in the table beneath. 6. The last temperature ? ? 2 is noted and the changed in temperature ? ? after time t is found7. Record the outcomes in the table beneath Precautions 1. To appropriately put the top, in any case heat lose may increment, to limit heat misfortune as much conceivable utilizing protection. 2. To keep up uniform temperature make a point to continue blending the calorimeter. 3. Try to keep consistent vitality gracefully by radiator 12V. Factors Independent Is the force warming the up the water. This is in such a case that you change the force, at that point the adjustment in temperature will likewise change relatively. So you need to keep it steady all through, in any case this may prompt un-solid information. To control you could change the force, by expanding the current or the volts. So you could change the current from 12V, to 16V, which would change the force. In any case, this must be done toward the beginning of the analysis, and afterward kept consistent all through. Subordinate This is the adjustment in temperature, as this is reliant on the force provided to the radiator, whenever changed then the adjustment in temperature will likewise change. To control, you should change the Independent variable. Controlled This is the mass of the water, the time spans and the force. These must be kept steady, or else it wont be a reasonable test. The mass of the water is kept at 0. 425 kg, 120 second time spans and 12W force flexibly. To control you could build the mass by 0. 010 kg, or increment the force flexibly to 16W, or even increment or decline the time stretches to either 300 second or 30 seconds. Be that as it may, the progressions must be kept consistent in any case. Results Time/Seconds Temperature/(? ) Change in temperature. E = the force in watts Q = the vitality in joules T = time in seconds 12 x 0. joules Now to locate the Specific Heat limit we need to return to the first recipe, and reason these finding into it. Re-mastermind the recipe C Conclusion From my estimation and results I have acquired the Specific Heat Capacity of water to be 4320 j/kgi C for this useful. Presently I can contend this is certainly not a 100% precise analysis as the deductively characterized Specific Heat Capacity of water is seen as 4200 j/kgi C. There is a distinction of 1320 j/kgi C, from my outcomes and the underlying worth; yet I utilized two unique approaches to compute the appropriate response. I utilized the recipe, which gives 4320 j/kgi C, however then I additionally utilized the slope which in result offered me a progressively precise response of 4235 j/kgi C. As should be obvious the inclination offers a considerably more precise response, this is on the grounds that when you utilize the technique for ascertaining the sphc, by taking away the last temperature by the underlying temperature, you just base your estimation of two arrangements of information. This is inconsistent, in such a case that one of them ends up being incorrect, at that point this effects the appropriate response relatively. The angle strategy is progressively exact, on the grounds that you are taking the information from the line of best fit, which permits you to foresee the estimation of one variable dependent on an estimation of the other; dodging mistaken arrangements of information. Utilizing the angle strategy I found a solution of 4235j/kgi C, which is exceptionally near the underlying estimation of Specific Heat Capacity of Water. There is a distinction of just 35j/kgi C, and a distinction of 85j/kgi C from the computations utilizing the other strategy. So why isnt my answer indistinguishable from the authentic estimation? Well this can be brought about by numerous reasons, one is that the calorimeter halfway ingested a portion of the warmth which thusly implied, that it required more vitality to raise the temperature of the water, as the particles had less vitality because of warmth misfortune. Another explanation could be on the grounds that it was protected 100%, which implied that it lost some warmth to the air, which again implied that the particles didnt have as much vitality so it required more. Despite the fact that this reasons will just marginally influence the appropriate response, as we didnt not play out the test at an exceptionally high temperature. In my speculation I expressed that my response for the particular warmth limit will vary somewhat from the first, and I was correct, yet I likewise expressed that the adjustment in temperature will be consistent, and that the temperature will rise consistently. Hypothetically I ought to be correct, however from my outcomes you can see that the adjustment in temperature wasnt consistent. This is on the grounds that I didnt mix, the calorimeter enough and perseveringly. This would have made the particles in the water move all the more so the temperature would have then expanded. The additionally mixing that was done could have permitted the temperature to increment at a completely uniform level. Also, I believe that the primary motivation behind why my aftereffects of the particular warmth limit doesnt precisely equivalent 4200 j/kgi C. Assessment I believe that I was near the exact explicit warmth limit of water. With a distinction of just 35j/kgi C I believe that there are factors, which can't be controlled 100%. Yet, I figure I could have improved this trial. I think next time I could take a more extensive scope of information, for the temperatures. This way to rehash the test various occasions. This will permit me to have increasingly exact information. Additionally I figure I should keep the blending of the water progressively tireless next time. I could either, have an arrangement of something like, mixing for 2 minutes, and afterward halting for a moment and so on. Or on the other hand I could relentlessly continue blending through the entire trial; this will permit the particles to move around the measuring glass more, making it a more attractive test. Likewise I could build the force provided to the calorimeter, which would permit me to investigate the relationship at higher temperatures, and furthermore progressively present day hardware. Every one of these components could be improved next time, ideally giving me even precise outcomes. 1 Appendix 1 2 See Graph Show see just The above review is unformatted text This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism area.

Add. Maths Project Essay Example

Include. Maths Project Essay Example Include. Maths Project Essay Include. Maths Project Essay Extra MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2011 GROUP MEMBERS: CONTENT PAGE |No. |Content |Page(s) | |1. |Introduction | |2. |Definition | |3. |History | |4. |Part I | |5. Part II | |6. |Part III | |7. |Further Exploration | |8. |Reflection | INTRODUCTION We understudies taking Additional Mathematics are required to complete a task work while we are in Form Five. This year the Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education has arranged four assignments for us. We are to pick and complete just ONE errand dependent on our zone of intrigue. This venture should be possible in gatherings or exclusively, yet every one of us are required to present a separately composed report. I think the extra science venture work is a generally excellent open door for us to test and upgrade our reasoning abilities. We are given a month and a half time allotment to finish the task and I trust I have the advantage of time to think, think and thoroughly consider the answers for those inquiries. Furthermore, the purpose of the entirety of this is to learn new things and investigate new skylines in scientific fields. On this undertaking I am chipping away at, I would like to have the option to make speculation about the volume and the heaviness of a cake for the event of Teachers Day festivity. Using different scientific techniques like math, preliminary and-improve strategy and chart, I am positively and decently to have the option to achhieve my objective. I might want to bring up that by utilizing right and reasonable scientific technique and estimation, I earnestly wish that my undertaking will have the option to be actualized and accomplish the ideal outcomes. Definition Pi, ? has the estimation of 3. 14159265. In Euclidean plane geometry, ? is characterized as the proportion of a circles outline to its measurement. [pic] ? =[pic] The proportion [pic] is consistent, paying little mind to a circles size. For instance, if a circle has double the distance across of another circle it will likewise have double the periphery, C, protecting the proportion [pic]. Then again ? can likewise be characterized as the proportion of a circles region (A) to the territory of a square whose side is equivalent to the range. [pic] ? =[pic] A BRIEF HISTORY AND FACTS ABOUT CAKES Cake is a type of food, ordinarily a sweet, heated pastry. Cakes regularly contain a blend of flour, sugar, eggs, and margarine or oil, with certain assortments likewise requiring fluid (ordinarily milk or water) and raising specialists, (for example, yeast or heating powder). Tasty fixings like natural product purees, nuts or concentrates are regularly included, and various replacements for the essential fixings are conceivable. Cakes are regularly loaded up with organic product jelly or sweet sauces (like baked good cream), frosted with buttercream or different icings, and brightened with marzipan, channeled outskirts or sweetened natural product. Cake is regularly the treat of decision for suppers at formal events, especially weddings, commemorations, and birthday celebrations. There are incalculable cake plans; some are bread-like, some rich and intricate and many are hundreds of years old. Cake making is not, at this point a confused method; while at one time impressive work went into cake making (especially the speeding of egg froths), preparing hardware and headings have been streamlined that even the most beginner cook may heat a cake. Cakes are extensively partitioned into a few classifications, in light of on fixings and cooking methods. Yeast cakes are the most seasoned, and are fundamentally the same as yeast breads. Such cakes are regularly extremely conventional in structure, and incorporate such baked goods as babka and stollen. Cheesecakes, notwithstanding their name, arent truly cakes by any stretch of the imagination. Cheesecakes are in truth custard pies, with a filling made for the most part of some type of c heddar (frequently cream cheddar, mascarpone, ricotta or something like that), and have next to no to no flour included, albeit a flour-based outside layer might be utilized. Cheesecakes are additionally old, with proof of nectar improved cakes going back to old Greece. Wipe cakes are believed to be the first of the non-yeast-put together cakes and depend basically with respect to caught air in a protein lattice (for the most part of beaten eggs) to give raising, in some cases with a touch of preparing powder or other concoction raise included as protection. Such cakes incorporate the Italian/Jewish skillet di Spagna and the French Genoise. Exceptionally adorned wipe cakes with extravagant garnishes are now and again called gateau; the French word for cake. Margarine cakes, including the pound cake and demons food cake, depend on the mix of spread, eggs, and once in a while heating powder to give both lift and a soggy surface. Kind of cakes normally found in Malaysia |Birthday cake |Span cake |Banana cake |Butter cake | |[pic] | |Lemon cake |Pound cake |Short cake |Orange cake | |[pic] | |Spice cake Carrot cake |Fish cake |Pancakes | |[pic] | |Sponge cake |Cheese cake |Layer cake |Cup cake | |[pic] | Cakes arrive in an assortment of structures and seasons and are among most loved treats served during unique events, for example, birthday celebrations, Hari Raya, weddings, birthday, festivity and so forth. Cakes utilize for the most part some type of cheddar which is regularly cream cheddar, or ricotta, and have almost no to no flour segment, in spite of the fact that it now and again shows up as an improved outside layer. he reason behind cake adorning is to transform a customary cake into a fabulous bit of food workmanship. Adorning a cake can be as mind boggling or as basic as you wish. Cakes are loved as a result of their superb taste as well as in the specialty of cake heating and cake embellishing. Wipe cake is a cake dependent on flour (as a rule wheat flour), sugar, and eggs, at times raised with heating powder, that gets its structure from an egg froth into which different fixings are collapsed. Notwithstanding being eaten all alone, it fits consolidation in a huge assortment of plans in which pre-made wipe cake fills in as the base. The wipe cake is believed to be one of the first of the non-yeasted cakes. Part I Cakes arrive in an assortment of structures and seasons and are among most loved treats served during extraordinary events, for example, birthday celebrations, Hari Raya, weddings and so on. Cakes are prized as a result of their superb taste as well as in the specialty of cake preparing and cake adorning. Discover how science is utilized in cake preparing and cake embellishing and expound on your discoveries. Answer: We can utilize the geometry strategy to decide appropriate measurements for the cake, to help with structuring and beautifying cakes that comes in numerous appealing shapes and plans and to assess volume of cake to be delivered Other than that, math or indicated as separation is utilized to decide least or greatest measure of elements for cake-heating and cream required for enhancing and to appraise the base or most extreme size of cake delivered. Other than that, movements is utilized to decide absolute weight and the volume of multi-story cakes with corresponding measurements, to gauge all out fixings required for cake-preparing and aggregate sum of cream for enhancement. Part II Best Bakery shop got a request from your school to prepare a 5 kg of round cake as appeared in Diagram 1 for the Teachers’ Day festivity. Chart 11) 1. On the off chance that a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800, and the stature of the cake is to be 7. 0cm, compute the measurement of the preparing plate to be utilized to fit the 5 kg cake requested by your school. [Use ? = 3. 142] Answer: Volume of 5kg cake = Base territory of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3. 142)(r)? x 7 (3. 142) = r? 863. 872 = r? r = 29. 392 d = 2 r = 2 x 29. 392 = 58. 784 cm 2) The cake will be heated in a broiler with internal elements of 80. 0 cm long, 60. 0 cmin width and 45. 0 cm in stature. ) If the volume of cake continues as before, investigate by utilizing various estimations of heights,h cm, and the relating estimations of breadths of the heating plate to be used,d cm. Arrange your answers Answer: First, structure the equation forâ dâ in terms ofâ hâ by utilizing the above recipe for volume of cake, V = 19000, that is: 19000 = (3. 142)(r)? h 19000/3. 142h = d2/4 24188. 145/h= d2/4 d = 155. 53/h |Height,h (cm) |Diameter,d(cm) | |1. |155. 53 | |2. 0 |109. 98 | |3. 0 |89. 80 | |4. 0 |77. 77 | |5. |68. 56 | |6. 0 |63. 49 | |7. 0 |58. 78 | |8. 0 |54. 99 | |9. |51. 84 | |10. 0 |49. 18 | (b) Based on the qualities in your table, (I) State the scope of statures that isn't appropriate for the cakes and clarify your answers. Answer: The range  h ; 7cm isn't appropriate to make the cake in light of the fact that the subs equent distance across created is too enormous to even think about fitting into the broiler. Besides, the cake would be excessively short and excessively wide, making it less appealing and scarcely to deal with. (ii) Suggest the measurements that you think generally reasonable for the cake. Offer purposes behind your response. Answer: The cake with the measurement h=7cm and d=54. 99cm. It is on the grounds that the cake is fit to place into the stove, and the size is simpler to deal with. (c) (I) Form a condition to speak to the direct connection among h and d. Thus, plot a reasonable diagram dependent on the condition that you have framed. [You may draw your diagram with the guide of program. ] Answer: 19000 = (3. 142)x r? h 19000/3. 142h= d2/4 24188. 145/h=d2/4 d=155. 53h-1/2 log10d=-1/2 log10h + log10155. 53 19000/(3. 142)h = |Log10 h |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 | |Log10 d |2. 19 |1. 69 |1. 19 |0. 69 |0. 19 | (ii) (an) If Best Bakery got a request to prepare a cake where the stature ofâ the cake is 10. 5 cm, utilize your diagram to decide the breadth ofâ the round cake skillet requi red. Answer: h = 10. 5cm, log h = 1. 21, log d = 1. 680,â d = 47. 86cm (b) If Best Bakery utilized a 42 cm width round cake plate, utilize your diagram to evaluate the tallness of the cake got. Answer: d = 42cm, log d = 1. 623, log h = 1. 140,â h = 13. 80cm 3) Best Bakery has been mentioned to design the cake with new cream. The thickness of the cream is ordinarily set to a uniform layer of about 1cm (an) Estimate the measure of new

Site5 Review 2020 Hosting Plans, Pricing, Ratings More!

Site5 Review 2020 Hosting Plans, Pricing, Ratings More! .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on January 12, 2020 Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert Site5 was one of the many hosting firms acquired by EIG, which has also merged with HostPapa, Bluehost, and many other small companies. This has led to some ongoing issues as all these companies adjust to the new management. So, does Site5 still hold up to scrutiny?Table of Contents RatingSite5 reviews: pros consProsConsSite5 review 2020: Our conclusionRating.elementor-19769 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19769{text-align:center} 3/5Site5 reviews: pros re looking for the BEST web hosting deal Get hosting for only $2.95/month here! Free trialSite5 also gives customers the option of going for a 30-day free trial â€" a rare offering from any hosting provider. If you want to test out their VPS, this only costs a dollar for the first month.That’s not the only thing they offer for free, either. Site5 has free website migrations for up to 25 cPanel accounts. On top of that, Site5 has a 45-day money back guarantee, with no conditions. Join the FREE TrainingDo You Want To Learn How To Build 6 Figures Authority Sites?Join This Free Training To...Finally have a proven method to finding profitable nichesGet access to a foolproof keyword research methodLearn how to outsource quality contentLearn how to build white hat links to your site without headaches Site5 customer supportHistorically, Site5’s customer support staff is knowledgeable and friendly. Wait times for help tickets would be not more than a few hours, if not minutes, and issues would be resolved quickly. Their ability to talk with a more sophisticated client base has been one of their hallmarks. Unfortunately for some Site5 customers, this is not always the case.Here’s a video laying out how Site5 claims to stand out from the herd: ConsRecent Site5 web hosting reviews across the internet tend to be more of a mixed bag. Many of these new Site5 hosting reviews skew low, with longtime customers pointing out a sudden drop in the quality of customer support.Less availabilitySite5’s customer support options are limited to begin with: you can only LiveChat with support 24/7, and phone lines are open only during business hours. Apparently, since the EIG acquisition, the older support staff was let go and a new staff brought in. And this staff, according to several customers, is not nearly as knowledgeable or prompt to respond as the old staff was.Average performanceNor is Site5’s uptime much to boast about. The industry standard for uptime is 99.94% not a terribly high bar to pass these days. However, Site5 logged an average uptime of around 99.85%, nearly 0.10 points below the standard. And in the business of uptime, that small point difference matters.Sometimes Site5 performs above t he industry standard â€" but other times it dips significantly below the 99.94% threshold. All told, Site5 can’t be relied upon to keep uptime above industry standard.Site5 pricingAnd like other web hosting sites, Site5s pricing shouldnt be taken at face value. The basic plan is advertised at $4.95 a month, but that’s only if you commit for two full years and pay up front. If you want a shorter-length commitment, you’ll be paying more $5.95 per month for a year. Start Blogging Online has an EXCLUSIVE deal for our readers? Get hosting for only $2.95/month here! Site5 review 2020: Our conclusionA change in management will result in a lot of growing pains for any company. The recent changes that Site5 underwent have left a lot of unhappy customers. But things could get better with time, once the dust from the merger has settled.Site5 still has a huge customer base, so the complaints are but a drop in the large bucket of a 50,000-plus customer base. If you’re a designer or developer uncertain about whether to commit, you can give their 30-day trial a go. Otherwise, we’ll just have to wait and see whether Site5 can truly fulfill its promises in the future. Keep an eye out for future Site5 reviews.But since youre ready to ACT NOW and decide on a hosting company you might as well go with the BEST Click here to get great hosting today!

Value And Value Of Value - 2410 Words

Assignment One Introduction Value. What it? What does it mean to people? And more importantly how do you get it? These seem to be the questions that everyone is trying to explain except that there really doesn’t seem to be a one true answer. The definition of value in general seems to be agreed upon, that it is: â€Å"the worth of the economic, technical, service, and social benefits a customer firm receives in exchange for the price it pays for a market offering† (Anderson et al, 1993). Is Value something the custom creates or co-created? Is it something that is generated through the production process, through a value-chain? Is value a number that can only be determined through achieving specific goals? If so what even are these goals? Will there ever be a one true definition or meaning for value? Value and its importance seem to depend on which way you’re looking at it, are you the buyer or the seller, is your value co-created or not? What are your value focused capabilities? All these q uestions are trying to be answered in an area which is densely filled with different opinions, so is there a right or wrong answer? Company background Civil Defence Supply (Fig 1 appendix) is a Home Office approved company specialising in supplying and training in defence and law enforcement products, equipping organisations such as the UK Police, Fire Services, Ministry of Defence and Government. â€Å"Civil defence is our business†. Civil Defence Supply work closely with the Home Office and otherShow MoreRelatedMy Values : Values And Values Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pages My Values Values play a very important role in my life. They alter every single decision I make, whether it be big or small. Roy Disney said â€Å" It’s not hard to make decisions once you know that you values are.† Knowing your values make the path to the right decision much more clear. I have three core values which mean the most to me. They are the values I want my children to know, and learn the true meaning of. My most important values would be responsibility, happiness, and my religion. Read MoreThe Value Of Personality And Values1199 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality and values†¦everyone has them. Each plays a crucial role that makes us unique and sets us apart from everyone else. Values are the foundation on which an individual’s personality sits. Values lie within a person’s core. It’s a belief system as to what is right, good, wrong, or bad, also known as ethics. Values have two attributes, content and intensity. Content defines the importance and intensity measures the importance and forms their value system. Values can be classified a littleRead MoreThe Values And Values Of School1509 Words   |  7 Pagesstart of a child’s academic journey and is known to all pupils and staff and is carried out by all as well. This along with our aims, values etc is displayed throughout the school and is clearly visible to any visitors as this is something that should be clearly recognizable and is normally set out by the head teacher. The schools ethos, aims, missions and values are set and given so to provide for all a code of practice and this is shown throughout our daily practice within school. The ethos, aimsRead MoreThe Value Of A Value Chain Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesA value chain may defined as network of companies which work hand in hand towards a common goal of meeting the customer demands and the stakeholder demands. The idea of value chain first came into existence after Michael Porter coined it. He basically said that the various activities which the organisations carry out t o create and give value to its customers. He said that it basically consists of two main activities which are basically known as the primary activities and secondary activities. 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The decision involved in whether to elect the fair value option have following conditions. The conditions include that it could be applied instrument by instrument, could be irrevocable which means it cannot be changed and the last condition is applying only to instrument and not to only specified risks, specific cash flows, or portions of that instrument. The fair value option allowsRead MoreThe Value Of Value Chain1803 Words   |  8 Pages Value chain is identified as a chain of activities where value is continuously added to the product and service from the product design to final product delivery. Basically, there are m any works that are included in the producing process no matter whether it is consume good or service. But not all of the producing activities could be seen as valuable to the entire process, which could offset the cost of time, money, and labor. 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Building J at Monte Alban at the Zapotec Site

The mysteriously-shaped Building J at the Zapotec site of Monte Albà ¡n in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been thought to have been built for astronomical and ritual purposes. Building J was likely first built about 1AD, with three main phases of construction, the most recent one between about AD 500-700. Architectural Design The building has a roughly pentagonal outline and it is skewed 45% in orientation from the remainder of the buildings at the site by many degrees. The building is oddly shaped, and its shape been variously described as a baseball diamond, home plate, or arrowhead. Low relief carvings on the building include a crossed-sticks glyph, thought to represent astronomical symbols. In addition to its remarkable exterior outline, it has a horizontal tunnel cut through it, and an outer staircase thats skewed another few degrees from the direction of the door. Orientation and the Star Capella Building Js architectural orientation is thought by researchers to point to the location of the star Capella. Capella is indicated by the orientation point of the building on May 2, when the sun reaches its zenith and passes directly overhead. Also Known  As:  Monticulo  J Sources There are more ancient observatories to read about; and more about Monte Alban and the Zapotecs as well. Aveni, Anthony. 2001. Building J at Monte Alban. pp 262-272 in Skywatchers: A Revised and Updated Version of Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. University of Texas Press, Austin. Peeler, Damon E. and Marcus Winter 1995 Building J at Monte Alban: A correction and reassessment of the astronomical hypothesis. Latin American Antiquity 6(4):362-369.

Mind And Its Relationship With The Mind - 1366 Words

Mind and Its Relation to the Brain How to define minds has always been a challenge for the â€Å"lovers of wisdom† since the advent of modern philosophy. The mind is arduous to define because it is incorporeal and the only person knowing its existence is its owner. That is; the mind differs from those familiar physical stuffs which can easily be defined in terms of their characteristics. Facing the thorny problem, the debate between dualists and physicalists about the nature of mind and its relationship with the body is becoming intense. In this paper I will maintain that the epiphnomenalism is not â€Å"repugnant†, but rather it is squat and resilient would be the best theory to illustrate the relationship between mind and body. The paper†¦show more content†¦In other words, the physical activity can influence the mental but the mental stuff can never affect the physical stuff in turn. Such definition of mind neatly explains that the mind is a kind of an excr escence of the physical activity in the mind. Likewise, Frank Jackson takes Fred’s story as an familiar example to explain that experience is hard to obtain even one have all the physical information, and indicate the such qualia problem is missed by physicalist. In this case, Epiphenomenalism can be used in dualism to argue that there is a connection between physical action and the mental activity.That is; Epiphenomenalism divides a complete action into three parts. One’s actions are determined by the physical action of the central body in the mind. During this process, the physical activities also cause the epiphenomena we call ideas. Besides, Epiphenomenalism is also a controversial topic in the dualism, since the mind in Epiphenomenalism is not only is a non-spatial stuff, but also is an epiphenomenon of physical action in the brain. That is why the most dualists claims that it is unacceptable to think of the mind as â€Å"a causally impotent by-products of brain activities.† But it does not mean that the mind is superfluous belongings. Frank Jackson says that the mental stuff as the same as the â€Å"heavy coat† which is the flaw but also is

Analyzing a Contemporary Australian Public Health Policy Using a Theoretical Framework- Infectious Disease Control free essay sample

Introduction Advocacy Coalition is a policy framework which arose out of a need to address limitations of the stages heuristic of the policy process. The Advocacy Coalition framework (ACF) is built on a set of assumptions and highlights policy change as a function of: the interaction of competing advocacy coalitions within a policy subsystem; changes external to the subsystem; the effects of relatively stable system parameters. This work is an application of ACF, as an analytical tool to the Avian Influenza disease control policy in Australia. It traces the political context surrounding the emergence of stakeholder groups and identifies the impact of current policies on principles of equity and social justice. In closing alternative policy strategies and their benefits are discussed. Public Policy Development Selected Theoretical Framework: Advocacy Coalition Framework The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) as a theoretical tool of the policy process provides a framework which explains how interested actors/ stakeholders interact to influence emergence of a public policy or policy change within a specific policy subsystem, over time. The ACF was developed to simplify the complexity of interacting issues such as learning, belief, policy change and role of scientific and technical information, in policy making (Weiber, Sabatier McQueen, 2009). In response to what was perceived as limitations in the policy process literature, Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, created the ACF in the late 1980’s. These limitations included the inadequacy of stages heuristic as causal theory of the policy process, the absence of and poignant need for system-based theories of policymaking and thirdly, a need to place scientific and technical information centrally in the policy process (Weiber, Sabatier McQueen 2009). Within the ACF, policy communities are articulated in terms of beliefs; as such policies are the product of the belief systems of the actors concerned by a given policy subsystem. The important structures – advocacy coalitions –are modeled as flowing from the bonds and relationships of actors who share similar values and beliefs. These coalitions, which may be tightly or loosely coupled, are comprised of government agencies and officials, interest groups, associations, think tanks, academics, academics, persons of the media, and prominent individuals who more or less share a global view and agree generally on policy solutions (Lindquist, 2001). Contextually, within the ACF policies emerge from numerous confrontations and negotiations between different coalitions of actors in the subsystem. Articulating the ACF and the Avian Influenza Policy Subsystem The ACF frequently seeks to explain stakeholder behavior and policy outcomes in intense political conflicts over periods of a decade or more. According to Lindquist (2001), any truly political theory of the policy process must account for the fact that political actors engage in the policy process not only to respond to perceived social problems, but also to advance their own political interests and careers under the prevailing socio-political climate of the particular period. If we couple the foregoing with the central assumption of the ACF that identifies beliefs as the causal generator of political behavior (Weiber, Sabatier McQueen 2009), it becomes manifest that the ACF framing of policies proceeds within the following premise, amongst others, that there exists: (i) identifiable stakeholder groups; (ii) possibly current policy/ policies; and (iii) prevailing political context/ environment. Australian Avian Influenza Policy Subsystem (i) Stakeholder groups: As rightly pointed out by Weible (2006) stakeholder analysis and identification helps policy makers conceptualize actors within and the dynamics of a policy subsystem. Weible (2006) instructs that to properly identify relevant stakeholders there was need to first delineate the most useful unit of analysis – the policy subsystem – as recognized by the ACF. Further to this, supplying answers to such questions as: what interests and beliefs are held by visible actors within the subsystem; what critical resource (who controls such) are available within the subsystem; with whom do identified actors align to form coalitions; what strategies and venues do actors use to achieve their objectives? , clearly defines stakeholders within the policy subsystem being evaluated as modeled by the ACF. A parliamentary research note aptly titled: Avian Influenza – is Australia a sitting Duck (Parliamentary Library, 2004) gives indication of stakeholders involved in the Australian Avian influenza policy subsystem and provides classical instance of the multiple stakeholders usually involved in an AC framework (Schlager Blomquist, 1996) . The document gives a global view of the implicated stakeholders as including the Commonwealth, states, territories and local government departments of Health; Industry, tourism resources; Agriculture, fisheries and forestry, non governmental organizations (like Public Health Association of Australia, National Tourism Alliance, Australian Safety and Compensation Council), Airports and Border agencies, Poultry-, and Agric- businesses and industry, Animal Health Australia , as well as professional bodies (Australian Medical Council, Pharmaceutical Society of Australia and Australian Veterinary Council). This agrees with Schlager Blomquist (1996) opinion that: â€Å"a policy subsystem consists of actors from public and private organizations who are actively concerned with a policy problem†. In their analysis of contemporary Australian newspaper coverage of the threat of pandemic AI in humans, Stephenson Jamieson (2009) suggested that newspaper accounts invokes a specific form of nation building; thereby implicating the media as stakeholders, also. ii) Existing Policies: Australia’s health policy regarding avian influenza is hinged on its (AI) lethality and significance from the perspective of production and trade of poultry and poultry products and possible transmission to humans (DAFF, 2008). AI is a highly contagious viral infection. According to the WHO (2010), the strain of avian influenza that has emerged from Asia and become widespread internationally since 2003 is classified as an H5N1 AI virus. H5N1 has become infamous globally due not only to its rapid and di verse international spread, but its ability to infect and cause fatalities in humans. As such the existing Australian AI policy targets to eradicate the disease in the shortest possible period, while limiting the risk of human infection and minimizing economic impact, by implementing the following strategies: †¢ Stamping out: destruction of all birds on infected premises (IPs) where there is clinical disease or evidence of active infection with HPAI virus, and the sanitary disposal of destroyed birds and contaminated avian products to remove the source of infection; †¢ Pre-emptive slaughter: of birds possibly on other premises, depending on information derived from tracing, surveillance and study of the behaviour of he disease; †¢ Quarantine and movement: controls on birds, avian products and associated items in declared areas to prevent spread of infection †¢ Decontamination: of facilities, products and associated items to eliminate the virus on IPs and to prevent spread in declared areas; †¢ Tracing and surveillance: to determine the source and extent of infection, and to establish proof of freedom from the disease; †¢ Enhanced biosecurity: at poultry establishments and premises holding cage or zoo birds; †¢ Zoning and compartmentalization: to define infected and disease-free areas; †¢ Public awareness campaign: to communicate risk and promote cooperation from industry, zoos, cage bird owners and the community; and †¢ Protection of public health: by requiring that personnel engaged in eradication activities be vaccinated (with the currently available human vaccine), be treated with antivirals (if appropriate) and wear protective clothing. Vaccination: may be considered if an outbreak of HPAI is likely to spread or has spread out of control. (iii) Political context: Breton et al (2008) explain that the ACF as a model allows coalitions to mobilize and put (especially political) resources to use in order to dominate their environment. The 2004 Liberal election victory returned incumbent John Howard as prime minister and saw continuation of Tony Abbott as health minister. Both political actors viewed decisive action on the AI threat (to public health and economy) as an opportunity to demonstrate the government’s capacity to offer security and safety; thus proving its competence and as justification for its recent reelection (Stephenson Jamieson, 2009). This contemporary political posture of the government at the time and its focus on Australia’s increased role and visibility in Asia- Pacific’s regional economic and health issues provides the political backdrop that framed the extensive AI policy development and the financial commitment to its management (Stephenson Jamieson, 2009; Kelton, 2006). Review of Current AI Policy The Australian AI policy situation has seen a coordination of efforts by the Commonwealth, states and territories and a response approach that can be largely considered from six fronts (DAFF, 2008). Firstly is Border security: Australian animal health and quarantine services continue to monitor and strengthen biosecurity at airports and seaports; next is the Whole-of-Government approach: through implementation of the National Action Plan for Human Influenza Pandemic and a concerted collaboration of government agencies (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Food, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Foreign Affairs and Trade, AusAID, Environment) there is an assured preparedness in the event of any human-to-human transmission of AI; Government-Industry liaison: through Animal Health Australia (AHA) the not-for-profit public company established by the Australian, state and territory governments and major national livestock industry organizations was formed to reduce the risk of entry and spread of emergency animal diseases; simulation exercises: a national simulation (Exercise Eleusis 05) was held in December 2005 to evaluate national capability (industry and government) to manage an outbreak of AI; finally is Emergency communication arrangements, Education and Awareness: this three-pronged information based response directs adequate, relevant and accurate resources to the poultry industry and also the Australia public while Effectiveness of Policies Evaluation of effectiveness of AI control policy calls for revisit to some of ACF’s hypothetical assumptions and concepts. ACF highlights multiple major actors, and that the policy change process normally occurs over a period of a decade or more. Sabatier, (1988) opines that this is to lend credence and bring variety to roles in the generation, dissemination and evaluation of policy ideas. In this light, the AI control policy development in Australia transcended actors within administrative agencies and legislative committees to include journalists, researchers, business concerns, farmers, policy analysts and interest groups and; continued from 1993 through 2003 (Asian pandemic), with technical changes being made till date. Another primary assumption of the ACF regarding an effective policy change is that stakeholders should primarily be motivated to convert their (policy-core) beliefs into actual policy (Schlager and Blomquist 1996). The primacy of core issues and beliefs of stakeholders in the AI subsystem is appreciated from the stance that agriculture (and by involvement poultry) is a major industry in Australia and that the nation is dependent on products, revenue, and employment in this sector (Ungerera Rogersa, 2006). An interesting postulation of the ACF is that more often than not policy or policy change is affected by external perturbations (Weiber, Sabatier McQueen 2009; Schlager and Blomquist 1996; Sabatier, 1988). Employing the interaction of the subsystem with external perturbations (in this case changes to governing coalitions) as parameter for analyzing effectiveness (), it is found that the 2004 election of a liberal government which placed in office a health minister who was ready to champion wider latitude AI policy changes and press parliament for drastic and expedited action (Stephenson Jamieson, 2009; Kelton, 2006; Parliamentary Library, 2004). Overall the Australian AI control policy was largely effective as evidenced by success of the partnership underlying the technical response embodied in the AUSVETPALN (AUSVETPALN, 2008) Policy Impact on Public Health Principles In Australia as in other parts of the world, public policy regarding AI has had serious implications for those who are economically poor, of socially subordinate class or directly involved in poultry farming. Uscher-Pines et al (2007) are of the view that pandemics such as AI have serious potential to exacerbate existing social and economic inequalities and there is need to consider a pandemic not only as a pressing public health issue, but also as an urgent matter of social justice. The policy while having addressed special needs of disadvantaged groups with respect to public health communications through culturally appropriate communications in a variety of formats, including the translation of messages into multiple languages did not provide for social interventions to counteract possible prejudicial social stereotyping or stigmatization of at risk populations such as poultry farmers, recent migrants, indigenous people and healthcare workers (Stephenson Jamieson, 2009; Uscher- Pines et al, 2007). Another sphere of the AI policy, with serious economic implications is the ‘global public good response’ aspect with reference to mass culling of chickens. Notwithstanding compensation, the possible catastrophic impact of this intervention remains and will largely depend on the alternative sources of income, if any, of the farmers (Scoones Forster, 2008). Alternative Strategies Discuss: Alliances and Tensions The area of tension within the AI policy sub system was relatively insignificant as stakeholders were more inclined to forge alliances to realize their objectives. In quiescent subsystems there may only be a single coalition; never exceeding four coalitions the number being limited by all the factors which push actors to coalesce if they are to form effective alliances/ coalitions and avoid defeat (Sabatier, 1988). Animal Health Australia (AHA) is the embodiment of stakeholder alliance efforts in the AI policy process. As an innovative partnership involving Commonwealth, state and territory governments, major livestock industries and other stakeholders it was instrumental in the development and channeling of initiatives culminating in the policy and disease strategy for the control and eradication of avian influenza (AUSVETPALN, 2008). Key to alliance formation is that stakeholders identify and utilize available resources (Weible, 2006). Resources available and employed by AHA, include 1) Information (scientific and technical)- which it utilized to buttress its policy view and convince policy making sovereigns to support its position 2) Financial resources- it was able to bankroll sympathetic candidates, thereby gaining inside access to legislators and political appointees. It was also able to finance research and think tanks to generate information to influence the policy process 3) Skillful leadership- through skillful leadership it was able to articulate a coherent belief system strengthening resolve and focus while navigating the coalition toward policy victory (AHA, 2010). Policy Alternatives: Benefits and Potential Impact on Public Health Principles: Epidemiological Dynamics The international and Australian AI policy response has tended to assume an outbreak emergency/crisis response- focusing on diseased organism/area with disease control/eradication measures (Scoones Forster, 2008). These are fairly standardized, universal responses of plans, programmes, strategies backed up by protocols, manuals and regulations, and implemented globally by a technically-equipped and well resourced, international system. This modeling assumes that diseases spread in concentric circles, that borders of countries and districts do not matter and, if localized and eradicated/contained at source, a global pandemic can be prevented (Longini et al, 2006). Often, it is not always that simple. Complex disease dynamics imply that the what, when, pattern and impact of disease outbreaks is highly context specific requiring a deeper understanding of changing ecologies, demographies and socio-economic contexts in particular, their interactions and dynamics in specific places (Scoones Forster, 2008). As noted by Scoones Forster (2008 pp27) this field level understanding of dynamic contexts is what is startlingly absent in much of the work on avian influenza. There has been remarkably little detailed socio-ecological investigation of the dynamics of change; surely, understanding the underlying drivers of disease change – and the socio-ecological dynamics of emergence – must and ought to be part of any international and Australian policy response. Such a policy perspective, would cast the agenda wider; and as it focuses on socio-cultural-livelihood interactions would translate into gains for economically disadvantaged and socially stereotyped typed populations (Hewlett Hewlett, 2007). Usefulness of Theoretical Frameworks Theoretical frameworks, especially as it relates to Advocacy Coalition Framework provides a systematic depiction of a political context, for stakeholders involved in a policy conflict and/ or process. Through careful evaluation of a subsystem, involved stakeholders are able to identify the different categorizations of theirs and other’s policy (core) beliefs, alliances, usable resources, and accessible venues. Furthermore, use of theoretical frameworks as analytical tool helps to identify possible policy -preferences, and –problems and, the elucidation of approaches necessary to realizing objectives. Limitations of Theoretical Frameworks In articulating the limitations of theoretical frameworks it is instructive the explanation by Maddison Dennis (2009 pp100) that theoretical frameworks provides us with causal explanation of the complexities of how and why policies are or what relationships between variables drive the policy process. From this it is understood that theoretical frameworks, in general, are not able to provide us with an artificial construct of ideal-type situations to aid exploration of problems and forces that shape social processes. Insight into the possible limitations regarding ACF specifically is obtained from Weiber, Sabatier McQueen (2009). These may include: bias toward pluralistic, democratic political system- with limited application in authoritarian regimes; no clear-cut definitive way of demonstrating link between external perturbation(s) and policy (change) as well as learning to policy change. 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